Ungawugcina kanjani ugesi ngaphandle kwegridi?

Eminyakeni engu-50 edlule, kube nokukhula okuqhubekayo kokusetshenziswa kukagesi emhlabeni wonke, nokulinganiselwa kokusetshenziswa kwamahora angu-25,300 e-terawatt ngonyaka ka-2021. Ngokuguqukela embonini engu-4.0, kunokwanda kwezidingo zamandla emhlabeni wonke. Lezi zinombolo zikhula unyaka ngamunye, zingafaki izidingo zamandla ezimbonini zemboni neminye yezomnotho. Lokhu kushintshwa kwezimboni kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla aphezulu kuhambisana nemiphumela ebonakalayo yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ngenxa yokukhishwa ngokweqile kwamagesi abamba ukushisa. Njengamanje, izimboni nezinsiza eziningi zokuphehla ugesi zithembele kakhulu emithonjeni yamafutha ezinsalela ezimbiwa phansi (uwoyela negesi) ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo ezinjalo. Lokhu kukhathazeka kwesimo sezulu kuvimbela ukukhiqizwa kwamandla engeziwe kusetshenziswa izindlela ezijwayelekile. Ngakho-ke, ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo zokugcina amandla ezisebenza kahle nezithembekile sekubaluleke kakhulu ukuqinisekisa ukutholakala kwamandla okuqhubekayo nokuthembekile avela emithonjeni evuselelekayo.

Umkhakha wezamandla uphendule ngokuguqukela kumandla avuselelekayo noma izixazululo “eziluhlaza”. Uguquko luye lwasizwa izindlela zokukhiqiza ezithuthukisiwe, okuholela njengesibonelo ekukhiqizeni okuphumelelayo kwama-wind turbine blades. Futhi, abacwaningi baye bakwazi ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwamaseli e-photovoltaic, okuholela ekukhiqizeni amandla okungcono endaweni ngayinye yokusetshenziswa. Ngo-2021, ukuphehlwa kukagesi kusuka emithonjeni ye-solar photovoltaic (PV) kukhuphuke kakhulu, kwafinyelela irekhodi elingu-179 TWh futhi kubonisa ukukhula okungama-22% uma kuqhathaniswa no-2020. Ubuchwepheshe beSolar PV manje buthatha u-3.6% wokuphehlwa kukagesi emhlabeni wonke futhi njengamanje ingeyesithathu ngobukhulu obuvuselelekayo. umthombo wamandla ngemuva kukagesi kanye nomoya.

Kodwa-ke, lokhu kuphumelela akuxazululi ezinye izithiyo ezikhona zezinhlelo zamandla avuselelekayo, ikakhulukazi ukutholakala. Eziningi zalezi zindlela aziwakhiqizi amandla uma kudingeka njengezikhungo zokuphehla amandla kawoyela namalahle. Imiphumela yamandla elanga njengesibonelo itholakala usuku lonke ngokuhlukahluka kuye ngama-engeli okukhanya kwelanga kanye nokuma kwephaneli ye-PV. Ayikwazi ukukhiqiza amandla ebusuku kuyilapho ukuphuma kwayo kuncipha kakhulu phakathi nenkathi yasebusika kanye nezinsuku eziguqubele kakhulu. Amandla omoya ahlushwa kanye nokuguquguquka kuye ngesivinini somoya. Ngakho-ke, lezi zixazululo zidinga ukuhlanganiswa nezinhlelo zokugcina amandla ukuze kugcinwe ukutholakala kwamandla ngezikhathi eziphansi zokukhipha amandla.

Ayini amasistimu okugcina amandla?

Amasistimu okugcina amandla angagcina amandla ukuze asetshenziswe esikhathini esizayo. Kwezinye izimo, kuzoba khona uhlobo lokuguqulwa kwamandla phakathi kwamandla agciniwe kanye namandla anikeziwe. Isibonelo esivame kakhulu amabhethri kagesi afana namabhethri e-lithium-ion noma amabhethri e-lead-acid. Banikeza amandla kagesi ngendlela yokusabela kwamakhemikhali phakathi kwama-electrode kanye ne-electrolyte.

Amabhethri, noma i-BESS (isistimu yokugcina amandla ebhethri), imelela indlela evamile yokugcina amandla esetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zempilo yansuku zonke. Olunye uhlelo lokugcina lukhona njengezitshalo eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi eziguqula amandla angaba khona amanzi agcinwe edamini abe amandla kagesi. Amanzi awela phansi azophendula i-flywheel ye-turbine ekhiqiza amandla kagesi. Esinye isibonelo igesi ecindezelwe, lapho ikhishwa igesi izophendulela isondo lamandla okukhiqiza i-turbine.

Okuhlukanisa amabhethri kwezinye izindlela zokulondoloza izindawo ezingase zisebenze kuzo. Kusukela kumishini emincane kanye nokuphakelwa kwamandla emoto kuya kuzinhlelo zokusebenza zasendlini kanye namapulazi amakhulu elanga, amabhethri angahlanganiswa kalula kunoma yiluphi uhlelo lokusebenza lwesitoreji esingaphandle kwegridi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amandla kagesi kanye nezindlela zomoya ezicindezelwe zidinga ingqalasizinda enkulu kakhulu futhi eyinkimbinkimbi yokugcina. Lokhu kuholela ezindlekweni eziphakeme kakhulu ezidinga izicelo ezinkulu kakhulu ukuze kuthethelelwe.

Sebenzisa amakesi kumasistimu okugcina angaphandle kwegridi.

Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, amasistimu okugcina angaphandle kwegridi angasiza ukusetshenziswa nokuthembela ezindleleni zamandla avuselelekayo njengamandla elanga nawomoya. Noma kunjalo, kukhona ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezingazuza kakhulu kumasistimu anjalo

Amagridi kagesi edolobha ahlose ukuhlinzeka ngenani elifanele lamandla ngokusekelwe ekuhlinzekweni nasekudingeni idolobha ngalinye. Amandla adingekayo angashintshashintsha usuku lonke. Amasistimu okugcina angaphandle kwegridi asetshenziselwe ukunciphisa ukuguquguquka futhi anikeze ukuzinza okwengeziwe ezimeni zesidingo esikhulu. Ngokombono ohlukile, amasistimu okugcina angaphandle kwegridi angaba nenzuzo enkulu ukunxephezela noma iliphi iphutha lobuchwepheshe elingalindelekile kugridi yamandla amakhulu noma phakathi nezikhathi zokulungisa ezihleliwe. Angakwazi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zamandla ngaphandle kokuthi afune enye imithombo yamandla. Umuntu angenza isibonelo ngesivunguvungu seqhwa saseTexas ekuqaleni kukaFebhuwari 2023 esashiya cishe abantu abangu-262 000 bengenawo amandla, kuyilapho ukulungisa kwabambezeleka ngenxa yesimo sezulu esinzima.

Izimoto zikagesi zingolunye uhlelo lokusebenza. Abacwaningi benze umzamo omkhulu wokuthuthukisa ukukhiqizwa kwebhethri kanye namasu okushaja/okukhulula ukuze balinganisele ubude bempilo kanye nokuminyana kwamandla amabhethri. Amabhethri e-lithium-ion abehamba phambili kulokhu kuguquguquka okuncane futhi asetshenziswe kakhulu ezimotweni ezintsha zikagesi kodwa nasemabhasini kagesi. Amabhethri angcono kuleli cala angaholela kumayela elikhudlwana kodwa futhi anciphise izikhathi zokushaja ngobuchwepheshe obufanele.

Okunye ukuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe okuthanda ama-UAV namarobhothi eselula azuze kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwebhethri. Kukhona amasu okunyakaza namasu okulawula ancike kakhulu kumthamo webhethri namandla anikeziwe.

Yini i-BESS

I-BESS noma isistimu yokugcina amandla ebhethri iyisistimu yokugcina amandla engasetshenziswa ukugcina amandla. La mandla angavela kugridi eyinhloko noma emithonjeni yamandla avuselelekayo njengamandla omoya namandla elanga. Yakhiwe ngamabhethri amaningi ahlelwe ngokucushwa okuhlukene (uchungechunge/ngokuhambisanayo) futhi anosayizi ngokususelwe ezimfuneko. Axhumeke ku-inverter esetshenziswa ukuguqula amandla e-DC abe amandla e-AC ukuze asetshenziswe. Auhlelo lokuphatha ibhethri (BMS)isetshenziselwa ukuqapha izimo zebhethri kanye nokusebenza kokushaja/ukuyikhipha.

Uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amasistimu okugcina amandla, avumelana nezimo ikakhulukazi ukubeka/ukuxhuma futhi awadingi ingqalasizinda ebiza kakhulu, kodwa asaza ngezindleko ezinkulu futhi adinga ukunakekelwa okuvamile okusekelwe ekusetshenzisweni.

Ukulinganisa kwe-BESS kanye nemikhuba yokusebenzisa

Iphuzu elibalulekile okufanele ubhekane nalo lapho ufaka isistimu yokugcina amandla ebhethri ukulinganisa. Mangaki amabhethri adingekayo? Kukuphi ukumisa? Kwezinye izimo, uhlobo lwebhethri lungadlala indima ebalulekile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngokonga izindleko nokusebenza kahle.

Lokhu kwenziwa ngendlela efanayo njengoba izicelo zingasukela ezindlini ezincane kuye kwezinkulu zezimboni.

Umthombo wamandla avuselelekayo ovame kakhulu ezindlini ezincane, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zasemadolobheni, i-solar esebenzisa amaphaneli e-photovoltaic. Unjiniyela ngokuvamile uzocabangela isilinganiso sokusetshenziswa kwamandla ekhaya futhi ahlole imisebe yelanga unyaka wonke ngendawo ethile. Inombolo yamabhethri nokucushwa kwawo kwegridi ikhethwa ukuze ifane nezidingo zasendlini ngesikhathi sokunikezwa kwamandla kagesi elanga aphansi kakhulu onyakeni kuyilapho kungawaqedi ngokuphelele amabhethri. Lokhu kuwukuthatha isixazululo sokuba namandla aphelele azimele kugridi eyinhloko.

Ukugcina isimo sokushaja esisesilinganisweni uma kuqhathaniswa noma ukungawashisi ngokuphelele amabhethri kuyinto engase iphikisane nayo ekuqaleni. Ngemuva kwakho konke, kungani sisebenzise isistimu yokugcina uma singakwazi ukukhipha amandla aphelele? Ngokombono kungenzeka, kodwa kungase kungabi isu elikhulisa imbuyiselo ekutshalweni kwezimali.

Enye yezinto ezimbi kakhulu ze-BESS izindleko eziphakeme zamabhethri. Ngakho-ke, ukukhetha umkhuba wokusebenzisa noma isu lokushaja/lokukhipha elikhulisa ubude bebhethri libalulekile. Isibonelo, amabhethri e-asidi yomthofu awakwazi ukushajwa ngaphansi komthamo ongu-50% ngaphandle kokulimala okungenakulungiseka. Amabhethri e-lithium-ion anomthamo omkhulu wamandla, impilo yomjikelezo omude. Angaphinde akhishwe kusetshenziswa ububanzi obukhudlwana, kodwa lokhu kuza ngenani lentengo ekhuphukile. Kunomehluko omkhulu ezindlekweni phakathi kwamakhemikhali ahlukene, amabhethri e-lead acid angaba amakhulu ukuya ezinkulungwaneni zamadola ashibhe kunebhethri ye-lithium-ion enosayizi ofanayo. Yingakho amabhethri e-lead acid esetshenziswa kakhulu ekufakweni kwelanga emazweni omhlaba wesithathu nasemiphakathini empofu.

Ukusebenza kwebhethri kuthintwa kakhulu ukuwohloka phakathi nesikhathi sayo sokuphila, alinakho ukusebenza okuzinzile okugcina ngokwehluleka kungazelelwe. Kunalokho, umthamo nokunikezwayo kungashabalala kancane kancane. Empeleni, isikhathi sokuphila kwebhethri sithathwa njengesiphelile uma amandla alo afinyelela ku-80% womthamo walo wangempela. Ngamanye amazwi, uma ihlangabezana nokuphelelwa amandla okungu-20%. Eqinisweni, lokhu kusho inani eliphansi lamandla linganikezwa. Lokhu kungase kuthinte izikhathi zokusetshenziswa zamasistimu azimele ngokugcwele kanye nenani lemayela elingakhava i-EV.

Elinye iphuzu okufanele licatshangelwe ukuphepha. Ngokuthuthuka kwezokukhiqiza kanye nobuchwepheshe, amabhethri akamuva ngokuvamile azinzile ngokwamakhemikhali. Kodwa-ke ngenxa yomlando wokuwohloka nokuhlukunyezwa, amaseli angangena ekubalekeni okushisayo okungaholela emiphumeleni eyinhlekelele futhi kwezinye izimo kubeke impilo yabathengi engozini.

Yingakho izinkampani zenze isofthiwe engcono yokuqapha ibhethri (i-BMS) ukuze zilawule ukusetshenziswa kwebhethri kodwa futhi ziqaphe isimo sezempilo ukuze zihlinzeke ngokulungiswa okufika ngesikhathi futhi zigweme imiphumela emibi.

Isiphetho

Kumasistimu okugcina amandla egridi anikeza ithuba elihle lokuthola ukuzimela kwamandla kugridi eyinhloko kodwa futhi anikeze umthombo oyisipele wamandla ngezikhathi zokuphumula kanye nezikhathi zomthwalo omkhulu. Lapho intuthuko izosiza ukushintshela emithonjeni yamandla aluhlaza, ngaleyo ndlela inciphise umthelela wokukhiqizwa kwamandla okushintshashintsha kwesimo sezulu kuyilapho ihlangabezana nezidingo zamandla ngokukhula okuqhubekayo kokusetshenziswa.

Amasistimu okugcina amandla ebhethri yiwona asetshenziswa kakhulu futhi kulula ukuwalungiselela izinhlelo zokusebenza ezahlukene zansuku zonke. Ukuguquguquka kwabo okuphezulu kubalwa yizindleko eziphakeme uma kuqhathaniswa, okuholela ekuthuthukisweni kwamasu okuqapha ukuze andise ubude besikhathi sokuphila obufanele ngangokunokwenzeka. Njengamanje, izimboni nezifundiswa zenza umzamo omkhulu wokuphenya nokuqonda ukuwohloka kwebhethri ngaphansi kwezimo ezahlukene.