Kule minyaka ingama-50 idlulileyo, kubekho ukwanda okuqhubekayo kokusetyenziswa kombane kwihlabathi jikelele, kuqikelelwa ukuba kusetyenziswe malunga neeyure ezingama-25,300 zeterawatt ngonyaka ka-2021. Ngokutshintshela kushishino 4.0, kukho ukwanda kweemfuno zamandla kwihlabathi jikelele. La manani ayenyuka minyaka le, engaquki iimfuno zamandla oshishino namanye amacandelo ezoqoqosho. Olu tshintsho lwemizi-mveliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla aphezulu kudityaniswa neziphumo ezibonakalayo ngakumbi zokutshintsha kwemozulu ngenxa yokukhutshwa okugqithisileyo kweegesi zegreenhouse. Ngoku, uninzi lwemizi-mveliso yombane kunye nezibonelelo zixhomekeke kakhulu kwimithombo yamafutha efosili (i-oyile nerhasi) ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezinjalo. Ezi nkxalabo zemozulu zithintela ukuveliswa kwamandla okongeziweyo kusetyenziswa iindlela eziqhelekileyo. Ngaloo ndlela, ukuphuhliswa kweenkqubo zokugcina amandla ezisebenzayo nezithembekileyo kuye kwabaluleka kakhulu ukuqinisekisa ukunikezelwa kwamandla okuqhubekayo nokuthembekileyo kwimithombo ehlaziyiweyo.
Icandelo lamandla liphendule ngokutshintshela kumandla ahlaziyekayo okanye izisombululo "eziluhlaza". Inguqu iye yancedwa bubuchule bokuvelisa obuphuculweyo, obukhokelela ngokomzekelo ekuveliseni ngokufanelekileyo amagqabi einjini yomoya. Kwakhona, abaphandi baye bakwazi ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kweeseli ze-photovoltaic, ezikhokelela ekuveliseni amandla angcono kwindawo yokusetyenziswa. Ngo-2021, ukuveliswa kombane ukusuka kwimithombo ye-solar photovoltaic (PV) kwanda kakhulu, ukufikelela kwirekhodi ye-179 TWh kwaye imele ukukhula kwe-22% xa kuthelekiswa no-2020. I-teknoloji ye-Solar PV ngoku i-akhawunti ye-3.6% yokuvelisa umbane wehlabathi kwaye ngoku iyindawo yesithathu enkulu ehlaziyiweyo. umthombo wamandla emva kombane kunye nomoya.
Nangona kunjalo, ezi mpumelelo azizisombululi ezinye zeengxaki zendalo zeenkqubo zamandla ahlaziyekayo, ubukhulu becala ukufumaneka. Uninzi lwezi ndlela azivelisi mandla xa ufunwa njengemizi-mveliso yamalahle kunye ne-oyile. Iziphumo zamandla elanga zifumaneka imini yonke ngotshintsho ngokuxhomekeke kwi-engile zokukhanya kwelanga kunye nokuma kwephaneli yePV. Ayinakuvelisa nawaphi na amandla ebusuku ngelixa imveliso yayo iyancipha kakhulu ngexesha lasebusika kunye neentsuku ezinamafu kakhulu. Amandla omoya atsala nzima ngenxa yokuguquguquka okuxhomekeke kwisantya somoya. Ke ngoko, ezi zisombululo kufuneka zidityaniswe neenkqubo zokugcina amandla ukuze kugcinwe unikezelo lwamandla ngexesha lemveliso ephantsi.
Ziziphi iinkqubo zokugcina amandla?
Iinkqubo zokugcina amandla zinokugcina amandla ukuze asetyenziswe kwixesha elizayo. Kwezinye iimeko, kuya kubakho uhlobo lokuguqulwa kwamandla phakathi kwamandla agciniweyo kunye namandla anikezelweyo. Umzekelo oqhelekileyo weebhetri zombane ezifana neebhetri ze-lithium-ion okanye iibhetri ze-lead-acid. Banika amandla ombane ngendlela yokusabela kweekhemikhali phakathi kwee-electrode kunye ne-electrolyte.
Iibhetri, okanye i-BESS (inkqubo yokugcina amandla ebhetri), imele eyona ndlela ixhaphakileyo yokugcina amandla esetyenziswa kwizicelo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Enye inkqubo yokugcina ikhona efana nezityalo zombane eziguqula amandla anokubakho amanzi agcinwe edamini abe ngamandla ombane. Amanzi awela phantsi aya kuguqula i-flywheel ye-injini yomoya evelisa amandla ombane. Omnye umzekelo yigesi ecinezelweyo, ekukhululweni kwayo irhasi iya kujika ivili le turbine evelisa amandla.
Yintoni eyahlula iibhetri kwezinye iindlela zokugcina iindawo ezinokuthi zisebenze. Ukusuka kwizixhobo ezincinci kunye nombane wemoto ukuya kwizicelo zasekhaya kunye neefama ezinkulu zelanga, iibhetri zinokudityaniswa ngokungenamthungo kuyo nayiphi na inkqubo yokugcina ngaphandle kwegridi. Kwelinye icala, amandla ombane kunye neendlela zomoya ezicinezelekileyo zifuna iziseko ezinkulu nezintsonkothileyo zokugcina. Oku kukhokelela kwiindleko eziphezulu kakhulu ezifuna izicelo ezinkulu kakhulu ukwenzela ukuba zithethelelwe.
Sebenzisa iimeko kwiinkqubo zokugcina ngaphandle kwegridi.
Njengoko bekutshiwo ngaphambili, iinkqubo zokugcina ngaphandle kwegridi zinokuququzelela ukusetyenziswa kunye nokuxhomekeka kwiindlela zamandla ahlaziyekayo ezifana namandla elanga kunye namandla omoya. Nangona kunjalo, kukho ezinye izicelo ezinokuzuza kakhulu kwiinkqubo ezinjalo
Iigridi zamandla eSixeko zijolise ekunikeni ubungakanani obufanelekileyo bamandla ngokusekelwe kubonelelo kunye nemfuno yesixeko ngasinye. Amandla afunekayo angaguquguquka imini yonke. Iinkqubo zokugcina ngaphandle kwegridi zisetyenziselwe ukuthomalalisa ukuguquguquka kunye nokubonelela uzinzo ngakumbi kwiimeko zemfuno ephezulu. Ukusuka kwimbono eyahlukileyo, i-off-the grid storage systems ingaba luncedo kakhulu ukuhlawulela nayiphi na impazamo yobugcisa obungalindelekanga kwigridi yamandla engundoqo okanye ngexesha lokugcinwa okucwangcisiweyo. Banokuhlangabezana neemfuno zamandla ngaphandle kokukhangela eminye imithombo yamandla. Omnye unokucaphula umzekelo isiphango somkhenkce saseTexas ekuqaleni kukaFebruwari 2023 esishiye abantu abamalunga nama-262 000 bengenawo amandla, ngelixa ukulungiswa kwalibaziseka ngenxa yeemeko zemozulu ezinzima.
Izithuthi zombane zesinye isicelo. Abaphandi bagalele umzamo omkhulu wokuphucula ukwenziwa kwebhetri kunye neendlela zokutshaja / zokukhupha ukuze kuphakanyiswe ubomi kunye nokuxinana kwamandla ebhetri. Iibhetri zeLithium-ion beziphambili kule revolution encinci kwaye zisetyenziswe kakhulu kwiimoto zombane ezintsha kodwa nakwiibhasi zombane. Iibhetri ezingcono kule meko zinokukhokelela kumgama omkhudlwana kodwa zinciphise namaxesha okutshaja ngobuchwepheshe obufanelekileyo.
Olunye uphuhliso lwetekhnoloji oluthanda ii-UAV kunye neerobhothi eziphathwayo zizuze kakhulu kuphuhliso lwebhetri. Kukho izicwangciso zentshukumo kunye nezicwangciso zokulawula zixhomekeke kakhulu kumthamo webhetri kunye namandla anikiweyo.
Yintoni iBESS
I-BESS okanye inkqubo yokugcina amandla ebhetri yinkqubo yokugcina amandla enokusetyenziswa ukugcina amandla. La mandla anokuphuma kwigridi engundoqo okanye kwimithombo yamandla ahlaziyekayo njengamandla omoya kunye namandla elanga. Iqulunqwe ngeebhetri ezininzi ezicwangciswe kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo (uchungechunge / ngokufana) kunye nobukhulu obusekelwe kwiimfuno. Badityaniswe kwi-inverter esetyenziselwa ukuguqula amandla e-DC kumandla e-AC ukuze asetyenziswe. Inkqubo yolawulo lwebhetri (BMS) isetyenziselwa ukujonga iimeko zebhetri kunye nokusebenza kokutshaja/ukukhupha.
Xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iinkqubo zokugcina amandla, zibhetyebhetye ngokukhethekileyo ekubekeni/ukuqhagamshela kwaye azifuni siseko sexabiso eliphezulu, kodwa ziseza ngexabiso elikhulu kwaye zifuna ukugcinwa rhoqo okuthe kratya okusekwe kusetyenziso.
Ubungakanani be-BESS kunye nemikhwa yokusetyenziswa
Inqaku elibalulekileyo omawulwe nalo xa ufaka isixokelelwano sokugcina amandla ebhetri kubungakanani. Zingaphi iibhetri ezifunekayo? Kwesiphi isimo? Kwezinye iimeko, uhlobo lwebhetri lunokudlala indima ebalulekileyo kwixesha elide malunga nokugcinwa kweendleko kunye nokusebenza kakuhle.
Oku kwenziwa kwimeko nganye njengoko izicelo zinokususela kwimizi emincinci ukuya kwimizi-mveliso emikhulu.
Owona mthombo uxhaphakileyo wamandla ahlaziyekayo kumakhaya amancinci, ngakumbi kwimimandla yasezidolophini, kusetyenziswa i-photovoltaic panels. Injineli iya kuthi ngokubanzi ithathele ingqalelo umndilili wokusetyenziswa kwamandla kwikhaya kwaye ivavanye iradiance yelanga unyaka wonke kwindawo ethile. Inani leebhetri kunye nolungelelwaniso lwegridi yazo likhethwa ukuze lihambelane neemfuno zekhaya ngexesha lobonelelo lwamandla elanga aphantsi enyakeni ngelixa lingakhuphi ngokupheleleyo iibhetri. Oku kuthatha isisombululo sokuba nokuzimela ngokupheleleyo kwamandla ukusuka kwigridi eyintloko.
Ukugcina imo yentlawulo ephakathi ngokwentelekiso okanye ukungazikhuphi ngokupheleleyo iibhetri yinto enokuba yinto ephikisayo ekuqaleni. Ngapha koko, kutheni sisebenzise inkqubo yokugcina ukuba asikwazi ukuyikhupha ngokupheleleyo? Ngokwethiyori inokwenzeka, kodwa isenokungabi sisicwangciso esonyusa imbuyekezo kutyalo-mali.
Enye yezinto ezingalunganga eziphambili ze-BESS lixabiso eliphezulu kakhulu lebhetri. Ke ngoko, ukukhetha umkhwa wokusebenzisa okanye iqhinga lokutshaja/lokukhupha elenyusa ixesha lokuphila kwebhetri kubalulekile. Umzekelo, iibhetri ze-asidi ye-lead azikwazi ukukhutshelwa ngaphantsi kwe-50% umthamo ngaphandle kokubandezeleka kumonakalo ongenakuguqulwa. Iibhetri zeLithium-ion zinoxinzelelo oluphezulu lwamandla, ubomi bomjikelo omde. Basenokukhutshwa kusetyenziswa uluhlu olukhulu, kodwa oku kuza ngexabiso lexabiso elonyusiweyo. Kukho umahluko omkhulu weendleko phakathi kweekhemistri ezahlukeneyo, iibhetri zeasidi yelothe zingamakhulu ukuya kumawaka eedola ngexabiso eliphantsi kunebhetri ye-lithium-ion yobukhulu obufanayo. Yingakho iibhetri ze-asidi ezikhokelayo zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwizicelo zelanga kumazwe ehlabathi le-3 kunye noluntu oluhluphekayo.
Ukusebenza kwebhetri kuchaphazeleka kakhulu kukuthotywa ngexesha lokuphila kwayo, ayinayo intsebenzo ezinzileyo ephela ngokusilela ngokukhawuleza. Endaweni yoko, amandla kunye nokubonelelwayo kunokuncipha ngokuthe ngcembe. Ngokwesiqhelo, ixesha lokuphila kwebhetri lithathwa njengeliphelile xa amandla ayo afikelela kwi-80% yomthamo wayo wokuqala. Ngamanye amazwi, xa ifumana i-20% yokuphelelwa amandla. Enyanisweni, oku kuthetha ukuba umthamo ophantsi wamandla unokubonelelwa. Oku kunokuchaphazela amaxesha okusetyenziswa kweenkqubo ezizimeleyo ngokupheleleyo kunye nesixa semayile i-EV enokusigubungela.
Enye ingongoma efanele iqwalaselwe lukhuseleko. Ngokuhambela phambili kwimveliso nakwitekhnoloji, iibhetri zamva nje zizinzile ngokwekhemikhali. Nangona kunjalo ngenxa yokuthotywa kunye nembali yokuxhatshazwa, iiseli zinokungena kwi-thermal runaway enokukhokelela kwiziphumo eziyingozi kwaye kwezinye iimeko zibeka ubomi babathengi emngciphekweni.
Kungenxa yoko le nto iinkampani ziphuhlise isoftware yokubeka iliso yebhetri engcono (i-BMS) ukulawula ukusetyenziswa kwebhetri kodwa ibeke iliso kwimeko yempilo ukuze ibonelele ngexesha elifanelekileyo kwaye ithintele iziphumo ezibi.
Ukuqukumbela
Kwiinkqubo zokugcina amandla egridi-eneji zibonelela ngethuba elikhulu lokufikelela ukuzimela kwamandla ukusuka kwigridi engundoqo kodwa kwakhona ukubonelela ngomthombo ogciniweyo wamandla ngexesha lokunciphisa kunye namaxesha omthwalo ophezulu. Apho uphuhliso luza kuququzelela utshintsho olusingise kwimithombo yamandla aluhlaza, oko kucutha impembelelo yokuveliswa kwamandla kutshintsho lwemozulu ngelixa lusahlangabezana neemfuno zamandla ngokukhula rhoqo kokusetyenziswa.
Iinkqubo zokugcina amandla ebhetri zezona zisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwaye kulula ukuyiqwalasela kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo zemihla ngemihla. Ukuba bhetyebhetye kwabo okuphezulu kubalwa yindleko ephezulu, ekhokelela kuphuhliso lwezicwangciso zokubeka iliso ukwandisa ubude bobomi obuhlukeneyo kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Okwangoku, ishishini kunye nezemfundo zigalela iinzame ezininzi zokuphanda nokuqonda ukuthotywa kwebhetri phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo.
